Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto IV
Otto IV
	Seal of Otto IV
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign	1209–1218
Coronation	21 October 1209, Rome
Predecessor	Henry VI
Successor	Frederick II
King of the Romans
Reign	1198–1209
Coronation	12 July 1198, Aachen
Predecessor	Henry VI
Successor	Frederick II
King of Italy
Reign	1208–1212
Predecessor	Henry VI
Successor	Henry VII
King of Burgundy
Reign	1208–1215
Predecessor	Philip of Swabia
Successor	Frederick II
Born	1175
Died	19 May 1218 (aged 42–43); Harzburg
Burial	Brunswick Cathedral
Spouses	Beatrice of Hohenstaufen (m. 1209 or 1212; d. 1212); ; Maria of Brabant (m. 1214)
House	Welf
Father	Henry the Lion
Mother	Matilda of England

Otto IV (1175 – 19 May 1218) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218.

Otto spent most of his early life in England and France. He was a follower of his uncle Richard the Lionheart, who made him Count of Poitou in 1196. With Richard's support, he was elected King of Germany by one faction in a disputed election in 1198, sparking ten years of civil war. The death of his rival, Philip of Swabia, in 1208 left him sole king of Germany.

In 1209, Otto marched to Italy to be crowned emperor by Pope Innocent III. In 1210, he sought to unite the Kingdom of Sicily with the Empire, breaking with Innocent, who excommunicated him. He allied with England against France and participated in the alliance's defeat at Bouvines in 1214. He was abandoned by most of his supporters in 1215 and lived the rest of his life in retirement on his estates near Brunswick. He was the only German king of the Welf dynasty.

^ Although Frederick II was crowned King of the Romans, King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem and Holy Roman Emperor, he was never crowned King of Italy at Pavia, Monza or Milan during his lifetime – see Sismondi's History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages, (1906), pg. 143; 147 and Kington-Oliphant's, History of Frederick the Second, Emperor of the Romans, Vol I, (1862), pg. 195 which specifically state that the Milanese refused to crown Frederick with the Iron Crown. Neither is his coronation as King of Italy mentioned in any modern source, such as Abulafia's, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198 – c. 1300, (1999)

[1] Although Frederick II was crowned King of the Romans, King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem and Holy Roman Emperor, he was never crowned King of Italy at Pavia, Monza or Milan during his lifetime – see Sismondi's History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages, (1906), pg. 143; 147 and Kington-Oliphant's, History of Frederick the Second, Emperor of the Romans, Vol I, (1862), pg. 195 which specifically state that the Milanese refused to crown Frederick with the Iron Crown. Neither is his coronation as King of Italy mentioned in any modern source, such as Abulafia's, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198 – c. 1300, (1999)

[1]